Between 1313 and 1320 ASH and during the governorship of Fethullah Pakravan, Mashhad underwent many changes. This article examines these developments in order to answer the basic question of, “What effect did the construction measures of Pakravan have on the physical development of Mashhad?” The establishment of new places and its multiplicity in the city of Mashhad strengthen the assumption that a paradigm-shift has formed in the construction of this period. In general, these places include three categories: 1) Educational, cultural, and health institutions; 2) Factories, and 3) Streets and squares. These factors, in addition to the expansion of the urban space, have promoted the level of urban culture, populization, labor recruitment, and easy access for people to different parts of the city. According to these explanations, the components of the expansion of Mashhad are: 1) How to expand new civilizational institutions in the city; and 2) How to form new thoughts and ideas in relation to urban development. This article describes and analyzes the cases of physical expansion of Mashhad and related issues. Based on the nature of the subject, this research is presented in a descriptive and analytical method and based on library and documentary sources.

The rapid expansion of cities, make most of the world faced with many problems. Although population growth is the primary cause of the rapid expansion of cities, however, its unreasonable sprawl will have adverse effects on the natural environment and cultural communities. Many attempts have been made to alleviate the negative effects of cities sprawl that most notably is "smart growth" strategy as one way of opposition to urban development " sprawl ", in fact, smart growth is alternative to sprawl. In this research, research methodology is descriptive-analytic method. The data has been achieved from Statistical Center of Iran 's statistical block 1390. For this study, data extraction and classification software (SPSS) and (GIS) is used. The Moora method is used to rank neighborhoods. The results show most central neighborhoods have more favorable conditions terms of smart urban growth indicators than urban surrounding neighborhoods. Whereas urban central neighborhoods have more appropriate level than other neighborhoods in term of the main indicators of smart growth such as mixed use, connections, open spaces, infrastructure and car ownership. multi objective optimization ratio analysis(MOORA) ranking test results showed that three neighborhoods 7, 2 and 6, respectively, have the best ranking among the city's 25 neighborhoods and in against urban surrounding neighborhoods 14, 13 and 4 have the worst condition and ranking among the city’ s neighborhoods. Due to the single-core structure, high levels of car ownership (47 percent) and Amol business-services dominant function, aspect of smart growth strategy can be implement in this city management through make policy in increased mixed uses, make attractive the pedestrian-oriented path and public transport development.

Background: The expansion of the use of audio and video media technology has faced society with many medical, cultural and economic challenges. In the meantime, excessive use of mobile phones can cause many problems. Objective: The aim of this study was to construct and validate a questionnaire on physical and psychological injuries of mobile phones. Method: The method of the present study was descriptive-correlational and confirmatory factor analysis. The statistical population of the study consisted of all citizens of Khorramabad with a diploma or higher in 1399, which was selected as a statistical sample by available sampling method of 200 people online and virtual. Results: The results showed that the factorized physical and psychological harm questionnaire of cell phone with 42 questions and 10 components (fear of loss, vibration syndrome, duck syndrome, nomophobia, insomnia, hearing problem, eye syndrome, tunnel and neck syndrome SMS) and has good reliability, validity and flexibility in terms of psychometrics. Discussion and Conclusion: The questionnaire of factor analysis of physical and psychological injuries of mobile phones can be used to identify and study the physical and psychological injuries of mobile phones.

Urbanization is one of the basic challenges that the world society is facing in the 21st century. Nowadays, the irregular growth pattern of cities and irregular urban development have destructive effects on cities and their surrounding environment. In the meantime, the city of Bonab is not an exception to this rule. In this descriptive-analytical research with applied purpose, using the fuzzy method and remote sensing, the physical expansion and growth of Bonab city has been evaluated. In order to analyze the effective factors in the pattern of development and physical growth of the studied area, first, 10 related and main criteria including: slope, direction of slope, height, type of vegetation, distance from faults, distance from waterways, distance from communication network, distance from rivers, distance from rural settlements and distance from susceptible lands were referenced using the geographic information system were placed in the numerical range of zero to one. Then, the specified layers were fuzzy and membered by different functions, and lastly, the final map was prepared using fuzzy criteria and fuzzy gamma. In relation to the modified fuzzy gamma model, values ​​of 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9 have been used to identify potential areas for the physical expansion of Bonab city. The analysis and evaluation of the accuracy of the model was done based on gamma layers and a number of raster layers, as a result the gamma 0.9 was introduced as the final layer of land suitability for the future expansion. Based on the final map obtained, it can be said that the favorable areas for the future expansion of Bonab city are mostly located in the north and northwest areas.

ncompatibility natural environment in the areas of urban development can create various hazards as well as to provide natural, natural bed is capable of In relation to climatic factors and soil, slope, climate and restrictions on the physical development of cities, the (Shia, 1369: 68). That threaten the lives of a lot of financial damage, so that a reduction in development processes and precludes the formation of the development process are stable. As a result of the planned development is greater than ever The development of the city due to factors such orientation should be Along with minimum harm to the environment is physical development. One is a Germi city of Ardabil province in the northwest and north of the province of Ardabil between ˚ 39 '10-˚ 38 '50 to the north of the Equator and ˚ 47 '25-˚ 48 '12 east of the Greenwich meridian. The city has a total area of square kilometers which is equivalent to 9. 6 percent of 1725/ 2is Ardabil. The city due to its geographical location and placed on the steep and mountainous zone has numerous limitations. Therefore, investigating and analyzing natural phenomena and human factors area and will ultimately provide control measures and logical approach and limits of this process is essential. Therefore, in this study, We try to be as natural and human phenomena and limitations arising from the possibility of them have been studied in relation to the development of the Germi city And ways to determine optimal physical development of the city.

Sudden pipe expansions have been known as efficient hydraulic energy dissipaters for a long time. The complex phenomenon of flow separation and velocity discontinuity at the interface of incoming jet and the recirculation flow, results in intensive shear and tensile rupture of the fluid and the associated destructive phenomenon of cavitation. This paper focuses on aeration in sudden pipe expansion as a remedy to recover the effects of cavitation. The experimental setup consists of a sudden pipe expansion with an expansion to inflow diameter ratio of 3.675. Variation of air content ratio with respect to the Reynolds number and effect of air entrainment on time averaged velocity and pressure distribution is investigated. Finally a combination of sudden pipe expansion and aeration is recommended for energy dissipation at bottom outlets and tunnel spillways.

Urban expansion is one of the complex and challenging issues in urban planning. Cellular automata, as a powerful simulation method, is used to model and predict urban physical expansion. The aim of the present study is to use the cellular automata method to model and analyze the physical growth of Tabriz city. In this regard, the study aims to investigate the impact of various factors such as urban development and changes in urban structure density using the Markov chain model on the physical growth of Tabriz city. To achieve this goal, first, satellite images from 2017, 2019, 2021, and 2023 were analyzed and classified using the maximum likelihood classification method. After this stage, land use maps of Tabriz city were extracted. The results showed a significant expansion of residential areas and at the same time a significant decrease in wasteland and agricultural lands during this six-year period. The urban development trend forecast in 2033 has been carried out using the Markov chain model with a kappa index of 81.14. The results obtained from the analyses carried out using the models show that the city of Tabriz is progressing and expanding in a centralized and nuclear manner in different stages of its development and expansion. This progress is clearly visible in all directions and dimensions, especially from the east of the city. Therefore, emphasizing the use of more advanced models such as the Markov chain can significantly help improve the accuracy of predictions and analyses related to land use changes. The results of this research can be used in urban planning and urban resource management decisions.

ABSTRACT Despite a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior presented through empirical research, the results of these studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. The required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan in Tehran, Iran, as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. ANOVA test was exerted to analyze the significant difference between different development patterns in three neighborhoods. Dunnett's T3 was applied to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered that factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational centers and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores had been introduced as the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a license, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods. Extended Abstract Introduction Finding factors affecting travel behavior has been one of the main concerns of transportation planners. However, in the last two decades, the importance of the influence of the features of the built environment, including land use, along with demographic-economic characteristics, travel behavior, and attitudes of people, has been raised by urban planners. Studies seek to find factors affecting travel behavior, especially land use characteristics. Despite presenting a wide range of components and criteria affecting travel behavior, the results of the studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different physical developments affect travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. In order to do this, it must first be determined whether the study areas/different development patterns have a significant difference in terms of travel behavior or not. In case of a positive answer to the previous question, the following question is which study areas caused this difference. The next question arises: -Which physical and non-physical characteristics affect travel behavior due to distinctions between different development patterns?   Methodology The present research method is analytical and experimental based on quantitative methods. This research chose the frequency of travel by private car, public transportation, and walking as the travel behavior. According to the research's purpose, indicators and criteria affecting travel behavior were extracted after reviewing the theoretical and experimental literature. Then, the required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. The questionnaire was compiled as a Likert scale in five parts of travel information, demographic-economic characteristics, perceptual characteristics of land use, travel habits, and access preferences of people in choosing their residence. ANOVA test was used to analyze the significant difference between different groups of a characteristic (here, different development patterns or the three case studies). Dunnett T3 was exerted to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered which factors affecting travel behavior were due to the differences in study areas and which factors affect travel behavior regardless of development patterns.   Results and discussion This research aims to identify the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. In this regard, the findings in line with the first research question show that the frequency of three modes of travel, by private car, transportation, and pedestrian, differ significantly in the three neighborhoods. Furthermore, ANOVA test results depict that there is a significant difference between these three neighborhoods in terms of factors affecting travel behavior, such as perceptually environmental characteristics of the neighborhood, dependence and pro-liking for personal cars, variety and density of retail stores, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and car ownership. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test with the regression analysis assessing the relationship between physical and non-physical factors (the same indicators in the same study areas) with travel behavior, the factors affecting travel behavior owing to different development patterns were identified. Factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores have been introduced as the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a place of residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a certificate, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced on travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods (different physical development patterns).   Conclusion In In order to discover the factors affecting travel behavior due to the differences in patterns of physical development, this research has provided a more detailed analysis of the factors affecting travel behavior. It has achieved more accurate components than previous studies in this regard. Detailed analysis of studies related to travel behavior and finding the main components affecting it, considering the extent of variables and data, can pave the way for professionals in transportation planning and urban planning, in addition to providing detailed methods and criteria in the related literature.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Extended Abstract  Introduction: One of the most important problems of the urban network in Iran is the rapid expansion of cities and, consequently, the uneven development and growth of cities, which has occurred for various reasons, including increasing population and irregular migration. The first consequence of urban sprawl is land use change. The city of Bojnord, after being selected as the political-administrative center of North Khorasan province in 2005, faced a double population growth and demographic changes. The concentration of administrative, military, tourist, cultural and educational centers, along with the uncontrolled migration of villagers to the city, confronted the city with new urban development needs. The physical expansion of the city more than ever, the conversion of agricultural land into a city and the uncontrolled construction, is one of the main issues facing the city. In this regard, the use of cellular automation, as a technique with features such as simplicity, transparency and strong potential to simulate spatial dynamics, has caused more and more attention in modeling the spatial information system and urban affairs.    Methodology: The present study was performed by descriptive-analytical method and using cellular automation method by perceptron artificial neural networks and remote sensing data. Thus, satellite images related to the years 2011 and 2021 of Bojnord plain were the basis of the study and in order to image the spatial-temporal patterns of land use, the data of the remote sensing archive were used. Research data from satellite images related to 2011 and 2021 (a period of ten years) as well as topographic maps of the plain and the city of Bojnord along with some spatial data of the region including land price, distance from land uses, distance from fault, slope, Height, distance from the road and distance from the built areas are provided. The source and organization of this data is also related to the Surveying Organization, Google Earth and the Surveying Organization of Iran. In line with the objectives of the research, the multispectral images of Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 in relation to the city of Bojnord (path 161, row 034) have been downloaded. In order to increase the validity of the results, the output maps were adapted to Google Earth maps. Also, in the 2011 classification, the overall accuracy was 86 and the kappa coefficient was 81, and in 2021, the overall accuracy was 88 and the kappa coefficient was 85.    Results and discussion: The main findings include calculating and estimating land use changes and the share of each land use in the base years of this research, modeling and forecasting land use changes for 2031 based on mapping the potential for transfers for land uses and forming a Markov chain along with eight affecting factors: slope, height, Distance from faults, agricultural lands, main roads, main electricity network, built-up areas and land prices. In 2011, the largest area of the region was occupied by pastures, which accounted for 73.6% of the total land area. During this period, the built-up areas cover 4.2% of the area with an area of 53748901 square meters. In general, most of the pastures are in the southern and eastern regions of the area and the areas built in the central and northern part of the Bojnord plain, as well as agricultural lands are located in the central and eastern parts. According to the data obtained in 2021, the built-up areas include 65266522 square meters, agriculture 194519833 square meters, pastures 888136607 square meters and barren 130533045 square meters. The share of rangelands in land use of Bojnord plain is 69.4%, barren 10.3%, agriculture 15.2% and developed areas 5.1%. Decreasing pasture and agricultural levels and increasing built and barren levels are evident this year. In modeling land use change, the transfer force from one land use to another is modeled according to the variables; In the sense that each pixel of the image has the potential to change from one user to another. According to the calculation maps, it can be seen that the changes in the built areas in the central part of Bojnord plain and around the city of Bojnord have been mainly accompanied by changes in agricultural lands and pastures. In all parts, especially in the northwestern areas of Bojnord plain, rangelands have become agricultural lands and with the development of agriculture, these valuable lands, which are the habitats of animals and plants of different species, have been destroyed; Also, Bojnord-Esfarayen axis has become the most built areas.    Conclusion: This study to model and predict land use change in Bojnord, based on the two years based on 2011 and 2021 AD, divided land use into four main categories: constructed use, barren, agricultural and rangeland. The main findings with emphasis on the effect of eight factors affecting the slope, height, distance from the fault, agricultural lands, main roads, main electricity network, built-up areas and land prices, on the development of Bojnord based on data received from satellite images and the process of image correction to increase the validity and accuracy of research outputs shows that while the rangeland use level between 2011 and 2021 from 73.6% of total land uses decreased to 69.4% and agricultural land use level from 17.4%  decreased to 15.2%,  built-in (urban) user level increased from 4.2% to 5.1%. This increase has often occurred due to the greater impact of slope, height, distance from main roads and distance from built-up areas, and the greatest proportion of this change has occurred in the axis of Bojnord Esfarayen road (west and southwest of the city). Based on the formation of the Markov chain matrix and the created user class maps in 2011 and 2021, land use forecasting and modeling of Bojnord in the horizon of 2031 has been done.The results of the land use change forecast section confirm the increase of built-up areas and urban use and the decrease of agricultural and rangeland use in the horizon of Bojnord city development forecast in 2031.